Farmers learn about quality protein maize (QPM) as animal feed at a farmer field day in Kathaka Kaome, Kenya. The resulting hybrid, Quncho combines popular a white seed colour from DZ-01-196 with the higher yields from DZ-01-974. This model for extension, however, is becoming out-dated in the more competitive, market-oriented climate of todayâs agriculture. The PAES would also involve stakeholders from state universities and colleges, as well as civil society organizations to strengthen, In the agricultural sector; the urgent need for a highly effective, ISLAMABAD -- Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Tuesday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for capacity development of, The officials pointed out that the schools have proved highly efficient on the ground, as they help to rehabilitate, We are persuaded that agriculture modernization will not go far without a strong, well-funded, This research applies the same model in the study of mobile based, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, DA to secure $240-million loan from World Bank for rural project, Artificial Intelligence is the answer to food insecurity in the country, NGO calls for more access for women farmers, RESEARCHERS' AND EXTENSION WORKERS' PERSPECTIVES ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH-EXTENSION LINKAGES IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA, Pandeglang Regent Inaugurates Farmers' Smart House in Cipeucang, Deputy Minister of Agriculture meets FAO officials, A collaborative province-led agriculture and fisheries extension model. Traditional extension systems focus on increasing agricultural productivity, use a top-down approach and often emphasise the transfer of technology. Subscribe. 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Therefore, it can be difficult to communicate or assimilate advice for widespread use. Objectives of Extension Education The objectives of extension education are the expression of the ends forwards which our efforts are directed. Emiliaâs monthly sales now amount to US$1,000. Agricultural extension programs improve yields and incomes for farmers. In agricultural extension, there are also certain principles on which the subject matter is based on. MATF trained farmers to become trainers themselves whilst providing the new trainers with technical backup throughout the process. 1966: Exte⦠A short summary of this paper. Most producers live in a world of imperfect information, and are subject to considerable uncertainty with regard to weather conditions, pest attacks, and market options. It operates in the industrial, health and education sectors, as well as agricultural and rural development. Citation search. Whilst it is still common for agricultural extension workers to be male and to interact only with men, in recent years there has been growing recognition of womenâs role in managing farm households and the importance of female to female communication in the adoption of new farming methods and technologies. Showing page 1. Found 879 sentences matching phrase "agricultural extension".Found in 24 ms. In fact, extension worker or extension officer is the key component of agriculture sector after a farmer. Originally derived from «university extension» (Mosher 1976), the term «extension» is ⦠ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this article to learn about the relationship between Communication, Diffusion, and Adoption. Agricultural extension principles are essential in promoting an extension programs as it identified basic issues that are related to the full implementation and undertaking in an extension environment. From 2006 to 2009 the number of farming households using Quncho increased from 300 to 7,741[1] due to the development of a variety better suited to farmerâs preferences and improved agricultural extension. [1], Case study 1: Extension and Quncho in Ethiopia, Case study 3: Emilia Abibo Savio, Agrodealer, Sussundenga District, Mozambique. Trained agents visit communities to ensure the dissemination of current best practices, organize cooperatives, and implement secondary programs. Input sales increased from 2 tonnes of seed and 7.4 tons of fertiliser during 2009-2010 to 65 tonnes and 54 tonnes of seed and fertiliser respectively, in the 2014-2015 season. First, a complete package of recommended cultural management practices along with the new variety was provided, rather than just the seeds alone. [17] Extension services need to be sensitive to women’s household responsibilities, availability and suitability of the information to the beneficiary to reduce the exclusion of women from education and training opportunities. Agricultural extension programmes have been one of the main conduits of addressing rural poverty and food insecurity. Rural Development Cooperative Services 2. Emilia Abibo Savio’s shop, an agrodealership in Mozambique. For example, Safaricom Ltd and the Kenya Agricultural Commodity Exchange collect and disseminate current commodity price information to Kenyan farmers through a low cost SMS provider. Ethiopian women harvesting Teff. Emilia also received advanced business management training and boosted her sales by training farmers on integrated soil fertility management, the targeted and precise use of chemical fertiliser, and selecting appropriate seeds, herbicides and pesticides. The Cooperative Services division serves cooperative members, directors, management, educational institutions, organizations, rural residents, and others interested in cooperative-based business. However, no African government is currently spending even a tenth of that amount. Alternative models have emerged that recognise other actors than traditional public extension services â including agribusiness companies, NGOs, agro-dealers, producer organisations and farmer to farmer exchanges. Extension also aims to increase the efficiency of the family farm, increase production and generally ⦠Meaning of Extension Education: (i) âExtension education is an applied behavioural science dealing with the desirable changes in the behavioural complex of human beings, through various strategies and programmes, by applying the latest scientific and technological innovations.â https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Agricultural+extension. Facilitation â the aim of this model is to help farmers to define their own problems and develop their own solutions. [5] FARM-Africa‘s farmer-to-farmer extension model[6] involves extension professionals training farmers in demand-driven technologies and encouraging them to serve their communities voluntarily as community extension workers. Download as PDF. In 2008 the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) started to support Emiliaâs small shop through the Mozambique Agrodealer Development project. For [7], In Africa there is an estimated 1 extension worker per 4,000 farmers, compared with 1 per 200 hundred farmers in developed countries. Penn State Extension delivers education you can trust. Communication: 1. âCommunication is derived from Latin word âcommunisâ meaning âcommonâ. [15] Today 75% of Africans own a mobile phone, making it increasingly easier to reach those located in remote rural areas with timely weather forecasts. 1. This way, the farmers receive not only seed, but also a guarantee against the uncertainties regarding the performance of the new crop and associated technology. Extension services are classified into 3 types:[4] Both a âway of lifeâ and a âmeans of lifeâ for the people involved in Extension definition is - the action of extending : state of being extended. Emilia continues to receive support from AGRA and the African Fertilizer and Agribusiness Partnership (AFAP) to access finance to expand her business. From: Advances in Agronomy, 2013. The use of videos in West African countries such as Nigeria, Benin, Ghana, Gambia and Guinea has been successful in raising awareness about potentially beneficial technologies and practices among farmers. The major constraint in tef husbandry is its susceptibility to lodging (where the plant is unable to support its own weight and may fall over or snap) that results in low productivity, about an average of 1 tonne per hectare. In Ethiopia, poverty was reduced by 9.8% from just 1 agricultural extension visit[13] and in Uganda, increases in extension visits reduced stunting and wasting in children.[14]. This process offers advice and information to help them solve their problems. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Furthermore, CFs and ELFs provided a platform for other NGOs to disseminate information on a range of subjects such as HIV/AIDS, gender equality, and conservation. In other words, an objective means a direction of movement before, starting any programme, its objectives must be clearly stated, so that one knows where to go and what is to be achieved. Agricultural Extension Services. [9] According to the FAO, investment in agriculture extension services needs to increase to 3.5% of the agriculture GDP in order to achieve the necessary coverage. Book Detail: Dimensions of Agriculture Extension Language: English Pages: 118 Author: TNAU Price: Free Instant Horticulture Outlines of Dimensions of Agriculture Extension Education and extension Principles, philosophy processes and objectives of extension Rural development Developmental programmes of pre-independence era Development programmes of post- independence era ⦠New content alerts RSS. Citation search. These estimates however, do not take into account the costs to beneficiaries which can make the approach relatively costly compared to other types of programme approaches. Advisory â the use by farmers of a cadre of experts as a source of advice in relation to specific problems faced by them; Farmers were given the initial seed by DZARC on a ârevolving seed loan,â a scheme that permits them to repay in equivalent amounts of seed after harvesting. A. Habtamu, Credit, ILRI. Emiliaâs customer-base was growing to around 150 customers, so she decided to build a bigger shop. 1. The transfer of message [â¦] The proportion of agriculture budgets allocated to extension services varies from country to country, for example, from 5% in Zambia to 50% in Zimbabwe. Agricultural extension and food security transfers have constituted the bulk of public spending in agriculture in Ethiopia. In the case of Malawi in the early 1980âs, direct agent-to-farmer extension services cost US$21 per contact and US$4 to US$5 per participant for a one-day ââtraining course. It emphasizes taking knowledge gained through research and education and bringing it directly to the people to create positive changes. The University of Florida (UF), together with Florida A&M University (FAMU), administers the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. 1 Agriculture Terms & Definitions Adapted from the USDA Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0. Extension, in general terms, is a function that can be applied to various areas of society. The project offers business management training and helped Emilia acquire a good understanding of best agronomic practices. The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) was an extension agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), part of the executive branch of the federal government. The improved higher yielding varieties tend to produce dark seeds, that are unappealing to consumers. Generally, agricultural extension can be defined as the âdelivery of information inputs to farmers.â The role of extension services is invaluable in teaching farmers how to improve their productivity. The 1994 Department Reorganization Act, passed by Congress, created CSREES by combining the former Cooperative State Research Service and the Extension Service into a single ⦠Agricultural extension is the service that provides technical advice to farmers, helps farmers acquire required inputs including credit for farming, provides training and evaluates new agricultural technologies on farmersâ fields in close collaboration with farmers, helps link farmers to supply chain and markets, forwards farmersâ concerns and problems to decision makers and thus helps in ⦠Ugandaâs National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) have also contracted out extension services to the private sector and NGOs. Tef is the main Ethiopian cereal grown on 2.5 million hectares annually, and serves as a staple food for more than 50 million people. The training of extension workers is also a potential driver of employment and economic growth. [10], Information on the direct costs and cost-effectiveness of agricultural extension services across Africa is sparse, in part because this is not often evaluated. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. SUBSCRIBE. [2] 1. What is the definition of âurban agricultureâ? [12] Although government expenditure on extension services has typically been low, evidence from several countries show that agricultural extension is a pro-poor public investment with high returns to poverty reduction. The Pennsylvania State University, 323 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802. [18] However, agricultural knowledge is very contextual and requires a deep understanding of the entire farming system. Rural Development's Cooperative Services Program promotes understanding and use of the cooperatives to market and distribute agricultural products. Women’s participation in extension is limited by traditional, social and institutional factors. READ PAPER. The resulting increase in income was invested in other household needs, such as school fees for their children and poultry projects.[1]. Extension Extension provides non-formal education and learning activities to people throughout the country â to farmers and other residents of rural communities as well as to people living in urban areas. After years of neglect and disinvestment, there has been renewed emphasis and new approaches to demand-led extension. Gone are the days, when we used to have agricultural extensionservices, where agricultural experts would visit farmers and advise them on mundane things like soil fertility, appropriate seedlings and crop diseases.These extension services would add value to the yields produced per hectare. Agricultural extension and education is an essential tool for the development of integrated agricultural development programs (Shahbazi, 1996). Second, the new variety was demonstrated on-farm in large plots of ¼ hectare using a fast 1 year extension approach, rather than using small demo plots over 3 to 4 years, so that farmers were able to see the impact of the new variety and methods on yields more immediately. However, in case of developing countries, the role of agriculture extension office increases many folds. Introduction to Agricultural Extension. By comparison, a mobile film show cost US$0.17 per farmer per hour and a radio programme cost US$0.004 per listener per hour showing that even early information communication technologies helped to reduce the costs of delivery. Research on agricultural education and extension to develop competence for rural innovation, entrepreneurship, transformation, and integrated development. This paper. Rural Development Cooperative Grants 3. In Africa. Emilia now serves 300 farmers and used her profits to buy a sunflower processing machine to produce and sell sunflower oil for cooking. Credit, Agriculture for Impact, Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. In some cases, programmes training farmers themselves to become informal extension agents have proved successful in building human capital, such as Flora Kahumbe, an agro-dealer in Malawi, who was trained by RUMARK to be a private extension agent. For Sustainable Intensification to succeed, smallholders need to build up their understanding of farming systems and capacity to innovate within their own particular ecosystems. Cooperative Publications Agriculture extension officer has a pivotal role in agriculture sector of any country. Many rural poor households face numerous risks, which require a more interactive extension system. Farmers reported that they had come to know each other better and their relationships became more reciprocal, suggesting the project helped to build âbuild social capital. [11], A more recent analysis of farmer field schools (FFS) â a participatory approach to farmer education and empowerment featuring discovery learning, experimentation, and group action â found the cost per participant to range between US$20 and US$40. Emilia with her sunflower oil machine. An important part of the package was ââtraining provided to farmers by DZARC, with regular follow-up sessions and supervision. Agricultural extension services should support these kinds of initiatives by putting ecological restoration to a larger degree on their agenda and provide expertise in this field. Agriculture and comprised research and extension, subsidies for a wide range of functions such as soil conservation works, boreholes, housing for farm workers, farm schools, fencing, disaster assistance etc. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension outreach is a partnership between state, federal, and county governments to provide scientific knowledge and expertise to the public. Many countries, especially in Latin America, have privatised and contracted out advisory services. She now owns 60 hectares of land of which more than half is used to grow maize, sesame, fruits and vegetables. Extension can provide farmers with the tools and knowledge they need to adopt new sustainable methods of farming in order to increase their yields, improve their food security and livelihoods and build resilience against climate shocks. Information about biodiversity is increas-ingly important to help farmers farm sustainably and access new markets. These principles guide the agricultural extension officer and service provider to work in an organized way to ensure smooth flow of agricultural extension service at the door step of farmers. The ten examples given below are taken from a number of books on extension published over a period of more than 50 years: 1. Download Full PDF Package. Different authors and scholars at different levels have viewed agricultural extension in various ways. Submit an article. Women in particular reaped financial benefits through the sale of cassava, and 43% of new adopters during a 1-year extension phase were women. 1965: Agricultural extension has been described as a system of out-of-school education for rural people. Can digital discussion support tools provide cost-effective options for agricultural extension services? a governmental official employed chiefly to advise farmers on farming and marketing techniques. Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products useful and necessary to man. Credit, H.Tufan, International Programs. There is no widely accepted definition of agricultural extension. [2] The UN High-Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) argue that ânational research and extension systems need full attention and investments from governments and the donor community.â[3]. Apart from their conventional role of providing and transferring knowledge in order to increase productivity, new functions include linking smallholder farmers to high value and export markets, promoting environmental outcomes and coping with public health challenges such as HIV/AIDS. Lecture Notes ARG 305 Agricultural Extension Education. Extension is an informal educational process directed toward the rural population. Generally, agricultural extension can be defined as the âdelivery of information inputs to farmers.â[1] The role of extension services is invaluable in teaching farmers how to improve their productivity. The project led to increased knowledge amongst farmers on improved production methods, including soil and water conservation. Some of these uncertainties could be mitigated by better access to information and communication technologies (ICT). Agricultural Extension Oï¬cers communicate with farmers supporting decision-making by providing information on sustain-able farming practices. The dissemination of useful and However, Agricultural Extension can 2. practical information relating to be defined as an on-going process of agriculture and home economics; getting useful information to farmers or rural EXTENSION HANDBOOK Hudu Zakaria f 3 3.. College of Agricultural Sciences. Urban agriculture has been most concisely defined by Wagstaff and Wortman (2013) as âall forms of agricultural production (food and non-food products) occurring within or around cities.â Contribution to Sustainable Intensification, Increasing productivity on current land requires significant investment in agricultural research and extension. Evidence from Nigeria shows that the higher the extension agent to farmer ratio, the more successful the extension delivery. 2. âCommunication is the interchange of ideas between two persons, in such a way that they act on the existing knowledge to achieve some useful results. 1949: The central task of extension is to help rural families help themselves by applying science, whether physical or social, to the daily routines of farming, homemaking, and family and community living. Search in: Advanced search. Extension is also critical to move research from the lab to the field and to ensure a return on investment in research by translating new knowledge into innovative practices. Credit, Agriculture for Imapct. Extension principles are paramount for both the extension agents and the communities in which an extension program are to be implemented. Importantly, farmers can be encouraged to achieve more with existing resources and prevent the expansion of arable land and to restore those lands that have been degraded. Download. Cassava roots. Credit, CIMMYT. Hudu Zakaria. [1] 1. Cassava production was revitalised in Uganda through the introduction of 6 disease resistant varieties, produced using techniques such as conventional breeding and hybridisation with local varieties to be resistant to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and brown streak virus, with support from the Maendeleo Agricultural Technology Fund (MATF), local government and donors. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. 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