Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.510/W Unicode Dietary niche breadth was unrelated to competitor and predator richness, on both islands and the mainland. Taberlet, P., E.Coissac, F.Pompanon, C.Brochmann, and E. Willerslev. 5G based on the occurrences data). The 2 Apodemus species are small-sized rodents; body mass of A. argenteus and A. speciosus is ca. 2006; Onodera et al. 2016). Niche partitioning facilitates species coexistence in a world of limited resources, thereby enriching biodiversity. Valentini, A., F.Pompanon, and P. Taberlet. 10.1073/pnas.1503283112 Kress, W. J., C.García-Robledo, M.Uriarte, and D. L. Erickson. Onodera et al. Monthly difference of dietary profiles of Apodemus argenteus (Aar) and A. speciosus (Asp) based on the proportion of the binary occurrence data (upper) and the proportion of the number of reads obtained from the analyses of the Ion PGM next generation sequencer (lower). The abundance of acorns is known to fluctuate yearly (e.g., Onodera et al. 5 0 obj Altschul, S. F., W.Gish, W.Miller, E. W.Myers, and D. J. Lipman. Search for other works by this author on: Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Japan, Laboratory of Forest Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Field Science Center, Hokkaido University, Tokuda, Nayoro, Japan, Field Science Center, Hokkaido University, Kita-11, Nishi-10, Sapporo, Japan, Vertical space use of voles and mice in woods of Hokkaido, Japan, Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, Bulletin of the Iwate Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station, Diet analysis by next-generation sequencing indicates the frequent consumption of introduced plants by the critically endangered red-headed wood pigeon (, Global patterns in the phylogenetic structure of island mammal assemblages, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. 1988), and show hoarding behavior of acorns before winter (Miyaki and Kikuzawa 1988; Sone et al. Consistent with niche partitioning as a coexistence mechanism, we found that the small dietary differences were explained by a combination of foraging microhabitat and available prey, but this pattern was driven by only a small number of prey taxa. d Species or genus in the same family exclusively existing in the study area are shown. Habitat, food, and time are considered the three most important ecological niche axes, and niche partition among species generally occurs along the first two axes (Schoener 1974, Crowley and Johnson 1982). The 2 Apodemus species are basically omnivorous or granivorous (e.g., Abe and Oya 1974; Mizushima and Yamada 1974; Tachibana et al. Dietary profiles of Apodemus argenteus (A) and A. speciosus (B) summarized based on plant families. This clip is from a 2015 Holiday Lecture Series, Patterns and Processes in Ecology. The pattern of the dietary niche partitioning in the 2 Japanese wood mice species appears to change with season. Niche breadth of each Apodemus species and niche overlap between them were assessed with the indicspecies package (De Cáceres et al. For example, although sequence 41 (see Supplementary Data SD2) was identified as species in Rosaceae or Rhamnaceae, we selected Rosaceae because 192 BLAST top-hit sequences belonged to Rosaceae and only 1 to Rhamnaceae (192/193 > 0.95 for Rosaceae; Supplementary Data SD2). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 215 0 R/Type/Page>> The niche breadth of A. speciosus varied seasonally (Fig. Yang Chang. 50 ng of template DNA, 0.24 μM of each primer, and 2× QIAGEN Multiplex PCR Master Mix in total of 10 μl. To amplify the trnL in PCR, we followed methods in Taberlet et al. All the procedures above were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Conesa, A., S. Gotz, J. M. Garcia-Gomez, J. Terol, M. Talon, and M. Robles. Among 6 detected sequences identified as the Asteraceae species in the BLAST search, 3 sequences were from the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus, that was also used as bait. Livetrapping of wood mice was conducted at the study site from June to October in 2014 with Sherman live traps (H. B. Sherman Co., Tallahassee, Florida) baited with oats and sunflower seeds with permission from the Hokkaido Government. Only when 1 species in a genus or in a family, or only 1 genus in a family, was listed in the plant species inventory of the study site, that listed species or genus was assumed to be the food item (e.g., Q. crispula in Fagaceae; see also Supplementary Data SD4). Therefore, dietary profiles for these species remain to be fully determined, and consequently, niche partitioning according to a fine-scale resolution of diet has not been demonstrated. The average annual temperature is 3.5°C, while the difference between the warmest and coldest temperatures is quite large (more than 30°C in summer [the highest temperature was 34.1°C in July 1989] to less than −30°C in winter [the lowest temperature was −41.2°C in February 1978]). evidence on niche partitioning, dietary seasonality and potentially even fallback food consumption. Onodera, R., Y. Akimoto, T. Shimada, and T. Saitoh. Reproduction in the Japanese long-tailed field mouse, © 2018 American Society of Mammalogists, www.mammalogy.org, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, Innovations that changed Mammalogy: field fixation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Local trends in abundance of migratory bats across 20 years, Landscape-wide flight activity by wintering bats predictably follows pulses of warmth in the Midwestern United States, About the American Society of Mammalogists, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2021 American Society of Mammalogists. Cooper, N. R., J. Rodríguez, and A. Purvis. Shioya, K., S. Shiraishi, and T. Uchida. The sequence length of the target region was 59 bp on average (50–60 bp). 2 and 3). Among 8 detected sequences identified as the Poaceae species in the BLAST search, 4 sequences showed the highest similarity with the sequence of the oat, Avena sativa, that was used as a bait for trapping mice (30,219 and 17,428 reads for A. argenteus and A. speciosus, respectively; Supplementary Data SD3). endobj As observed in the previous studies, segregation based on minor dietary components may promote the coexistence of the 2 Japanese Apodemus species. ), depending on plant availability in each season. in Tiliaceae, and Ulmus sp. Although these lizards might occupy different locations, some species can be … On average, 3.0 plant taxa (min 0 – max 8) were detected from 3 fecal pellets per individual A. argenteus, and 1.4 (min 0 – max 5) plant taxa per individual A. speciosus. Behavioral niche partitioning is an important and widely assumed mechanism for the coexistence of ecologically similar species. Here we assessed this mechanism by testing its core assumption, that evolved differences in foraging behavior correspond with differences in resources consumed. It was also suggested that the 2 Apodemus species consumed Oleaceae species in different seasons. may also be possible] in Betulaceae, Fraxinus mandshurica in Oleaceae, Picea sp. As expected from the hoarding behavior of the Apodemus species, both Apodemus species depend on acorn-producing tree species in the Fagaceae (assumed to be Q. crispula). 2015) with the default randomization algorithm, ra3 (Lawlor 1980). The niche breadth of A. argenteus was stable at around 0.41–0.45 (Fig. 2 and 3). Interspecific competitive interactions may be asymmetric; antagonistic effects from A. speciosus to A. argenteus may be greater than the opposite because of their body sizes (Sekijima and Sone 1994). We extracted DNA for all the individuals from 11 January to 2 February 2016 (Supplementary Data SD1). 2021-01-08T19:18:22-08:00 Tooth wear analysis techniques (mesowear and microwear) are employed to analyze dietary traits in proboscideans, perissodactyls and artiodactyls from 33 Pleistocene localities in Britain. Supplementary Data SD4.—Correspondence among top BLAST hit genera, species in the study area, possible diet species, and plant types of identified taxa. www.pnas.org We thank K. Armstrong for improving the English expression. In the final step to determine the dietary taxon for each obtained sequence, we performed a BLAST search (Altschul et al. Niche breadth based on the total diet (all seasons combined) of A. argenteus and A. speciosus was 0.458 and 0.443, respectively (95% credible interval [CI]: 0.455–0.462 for A. argenteus and 0.426–0.459 for A. speciosus). Our study indicated that A. speciosus were more dependent on Fagaceae plants than A. argenteus (Figs. They are adapted to forest environments, relying on forest resources such as acorns (e.g., Onodera et al. There is geographic variation in the breeding season of A. argenteus and A. speciosus along the Japanese archipelago (once or twice per year—Fujimaki 1969, 1970; Yoshida 1972; Murakami 1977), but, in Hokkaido, the majority of breeding activity occurs once from April to September (peak is in July to August) for A. argenteus (Fujimaki 1969, 1970) and once from April to September (peak is in April to June) for A. speciosus (Kondo and Abe 1977). 2015-05-27 Thus, the larger A. speciosus might be competitively superior to the smaller A. argenteus in competition for acorn resources. The indices of niche overlap in July were significantly lower than those in August and September. 2014, 2017). The sequence read data also supported the difference in diets between A. argenteus and A. speciosus and implied that Rutaceae was also a main dietary family on which A. argenteus heavily relied. It is, however, also true that special carefulness is necessary for the quantitative interpretations of sequence reads (Deagle et al. b Numbers of occurrence among the Apodemus individuals that ate dietary items that could not be assigned to taxa below family level. List of plant taxa identified in the diets of 2 Apodemus species in this study. It increased from 0.139 in June to 0.445 in August. 2013). Seasonal changes in the diet of Apodemus argenteus (dark gray, blue in the online pdf version) and A. speciosus (light gray, orange in the online pdf version) for plant families: (A) Fagaceae, (B) Betulaceae, (C) Fabaceae, (D) Oleaceae, (E) Pinaceae, (F) Tiliaceae, and (G) Ulmaceae. 2010, 2013; Nakahara et al. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503283112 endobj 2015), they could represent valuable ecological model organisms for understanding universal mechanisms in niche partitioning, community assembly, and species coexistence. (2017) showed that the acorn production in the previous year had a positive effect on the population abundance of A. speciosus , while that effect was much less for A. argenteus (see also … 2011). Then, an Ion OneTouch ES (ThermoFisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the enrichment of successful emulsion PCR products using a biotin–streptavidin interaction. 10.1073/pnas.1503283112 Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China . Supplementary Data SD3.—Obtained reads for each sequence and individual. The roles of morphological traits, resource variation and resource partitioning associated with the dietary niche expansion in the fish‐eating bat Myotis pilosus. As observed in the trend of the consumption of Fagaceae species in the autumn, it appears that A. argenteus and A. speciosus also take a generalist and a specialist strategy, respectively, for the Ulmaceae species (assumed to be Ulmus sp. These dominances of the specific individuals in the number of reads may exaggerate the proportions of Rutaceae and Urticaceae in comparison with the occurrence data (Figs. Therefore, cow has to compromise from her body for the nutrients to achieve peak milk yield during early lactation. Although they are congeneric, the divergence time between these 2 species was estimated to be quite old among the Japanese mammals, providing an example of the phylogenetic dispersion (ca. Shioya et al. Kiyomizu, Fukuoka Pref. <>stream 2015). However, A. argenteus was less dependent on Fagaceae species than A. speciosus. For example, remarkable differences were observed in Rutaceae (assumed to be P. amurense; Table 1) and Urticaceae (assumed to be Laportea bulbifera) between the occurrence and read data (Figs. The PERMANOVA test on δ 13 C and δ 15 N of the four fish species revealed significant differences among species for δ 15 N (P < 0.05; Table 7). Niche partitioning subsequently reduces both the dietary niche breadth of the population (Bolnick et 2016; Galetti et al. The δ 15 N–δ 13 C biplot in Figure 7 shows the estimation of the SI ratio for the entire data set structured by species. 139 0 obj (2007) and Onodera et al. endobj The prevalence of phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) in nature is still a conflicting issue. (1990) also suggested the horizontal and vertical microhabitat separation between these 2 species, where A. argenteus was more dependent on a habitat with more vegetation cover (deep litter layer and rich overstory), whereas A. speciosus preferred forest floors covered with herbs. Resource partitioning among species traditionally has been evaluated along three niche axes: spatial separation (including use of different habitats), temporal avoidance, and dietary differences (Keddy, 1989; Ben-David, Bowyer & Faro, 1996; Kronfeld-Schor et al.,2001; Stewart et al.,2002). Niche overlap between A. argenteus and A. speciosus based on the total diet was 0.672. Biological Sciences, Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research, A common tendency for phylogenetic overdispersion in mammalian assemblages, From barcoding single individuals to metabarcoding biological communities: towards an integrative approach to the study of global biodiversity, Pyrosequencing faecal DNA to determine diet of little penguins: is what goes in what comes out, Quantifying sequence proportions in a DNA-based diet study using Ion Torrent amplicon sequencing: which counts count, A framework for estimating niche metrics using the resemblance between qualitative resources, Darwin’s finches and their diet niches: the sympatric coexistence of imperfect generalists, Isotopic niche structure of a mammalian herbivore assemblage from a West African savanna: body mass and seasonality effect, Resource partitioning by insectivorous bats in Jamaica, Trophic niche differentiation in rodents and marsupials revealed by stable isotopes, EcoSimR: null model analysis for ecological data. De León, L. F., J.Podos, T.Gardezi, A.Herrel, and A. P. Hendry. White circle with a solid black line indicates the Uryu Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, in Horokanai, Hokkaido. Sato, J. J., T. Kawakami, Y. Tasaka, M. Tamenishi, and Y. Yamaguchi. We then defined “major” diet items as those plants occurring in more than an arbitrarily chosen value of 10 individuals (from Fig. endstream One classic mechanism of dietary niche partitioning is the grazer-browser spectrum, which suggests that some herbivores (grazers, such as zebras) eat only grasses, some (browsers, such as dik-dik) eat only plants that aren't grasses, and others eat both. endobj Therefore, a higher dependency of A. speciosus on Fagaceae species, and the diverse diet of A. argenteus are considered to be characteristic throughout Japan. 2014). endobj Conversely, both Apodemus species consumed species in the Ulmaceae (Ulmus sp.) Fuji region (Central Honshu), a higher dependency on the acorn-producing Quercus trees by A. speciosus was apparent, compared with A. argenteus which mainly relies on other tree species such as the Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora and the Japanese larch Larix kaempferi (Sekijima 1999). Supplementary Data SD2.—Obtained sequences, top BLAST hit genera, and estimated plant families. Vertical habitat segregation has been reported for the semiarboreal A. argenteus and terrestrial A. speciosus (Sekijima 1993). Indices for niche breadth and overlap were based on Rao (1982) and Pianka (1974), respectively. 2008). The 2 species showed a relatively large degree of niche overlap in plant dietary profiles, feeding mostly on acorn-producing Fagaceae species (assumed to be Quercus crispula). Statistical significance for niche overlap was assessed using the EcoSimR package for R (Gotelli et al. Total number of wood mice consumed 2 or more dietary items that be! 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